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to have the intelligence to do

  • 1 have the intelligence to see through scheme

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > have the intelligence to see through scheme

  • 2 intelligence

    intelligence [ɛ̃teliʒɑ̃s]
    feminine noun
       a. ( = facultés mentales) intelligence
    vivre en bonne/mauvaise intelligence avec qn to be on good/bad terms with sb
    * * *
    ɛ̃teliʒɑ̃s
    1) ( aptitude) intelligence
    2) ( compréhension) understanding
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    ɛ̃teliʒɑ̃s
    1. nf
    1) (= faculté) intelligence
    2) (= compréhension)
    3) (= complicité)

    regard d'intelligence — meaningful look, knowing look

    4) (= accord)
    2. intelligences nfpl
    * * *
    A nf
    1 (aptitude, faculté) intelligence; faire preuve d'intelligence to show intelligence; intelligence pratique practical intelligence; son intelligence est vive, il est d'une intelligence vive he has a sharp mind; avec intelligence intelligently;
    2 ( compréhension) understanding; nécessaire à la bonne intelligence du texte necessary for a complete understanding of the text;
    3 ( entente) agreement; agir d'intelligence avec qn to act in agreement with sb; être d'intelligence avec qn to have a secret understanding ou agreement with sb; faire des signes d'intelligence à qn to make signs of complicity to sb; être en bonne/mauvaise intelligence avec qn to be on good/bad terms with sb;
    4 ( personne intelligente) great intellect.
    B intelligences nfpl ( complicité) secret relations ou dealings; avoir des intelligences dans la place to have inside contacts.
    intelligence artificielle, IA Ordinat artificial intelligence, AI.
    [ɛ̃teliʒɑ̃s] nom féminin
    1. [intellect, discernement] intelligence
    ils ont l'intelligence vive they are sharp-witted ou quick, they have sharp minds
    il a eu l'intelligence de ne pas recommencer he was bright ou intelligent enough not to try again
    [personne]
    2. (soutenu) [compréhension]
    3. [relation]
    vivre en bonne/mauvaise intelligence avec quelqu'un to be on good/bad terms with somebody
    ————————
    intelligences nom féminin pluriel
    ————————
    d'intelligence locution adverbiale

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > intelligence

  • 3 intelligence

    1 intelligence f ; to have the intelligence to do avoir l'intelligence de faire ; to be of low intelligence être peu intelligent ; use your intelligence! réfléchis! ; that's an insult to my intelligence! c'est me prendre pour un/une imbécile! ;
    2 gen, Mil ( information) renseignements mpl ; according to the latest intelligence selon les informations de dernière minute ;
    3 Mil ( secret service) services mpl de renseignements ; military/naval intelligence service de renseignements de l'armée de terre/de la marine ; to be in intelligence être dans les services de renseignements ;
    4 sout ( intelligent being) intelligence f.

    Big English-French dictionary > intelligence

  • 4 intelligence

    intelligence [ɪn'telɪdʒəns]
    noun (UNCOUNT)
    (a) (mental ability) intelligence f;
    to have the intelligence to do sth avoir l'intelligence de faire qch;
    her decision shows intelligence elle a fait preuve d'intelligence en prenant cette décision;
    use your intelligence! réfléchis un peu!
    (b) (information) renseignements mpl, information f, informations fpl; (department) services mpl de renseignements;
    intelligence is or are working on it les services de renseignements y travaillent;
    he used to work in intelligence il travaillait pour les services de renseignements;
    army intelligence service m de renseignements de l'armée
    (c) (intelligent being) intelligence f
    ►► American Politics intelligence agency services mpl de renseignements;
    intelligence gathering renseignement m, espionnage m;
    intelligence officer officier m de renseignements;
    intelligence quotient quotient m intellectuel;
    British Politics intelligence service services mpl de renseignements;
    Psychology intelligence test test m d'aptitude intellectuelle

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > intelligence

  • 5 intelligence

    noun
    1) Intelligenz, die

    have the intelligence to do something — so intelligent sein, etwas zu tun

    2) (information) Informationen Pl.; (news) Nachrichten Pl.; Meldungen Pl.
    3) ([persons employed in] collecting information) Nachrichtendienst, der
    * * *
    1) (the quality of being intelligent: It requires a high degree of intelligence to do this job well.) die Intelligenz
    2) (news or information given.) die Nachricht
    3) (a department of state or of the army etc which deals with secret information: He works in Intelligence.) der Nachrichtendienst
    * * *
    in·tel·li·gence
    [ɪnˈtelɪʤən(t)s]
    I. n no pl
    1. (brain power) Intelligenz f
    if he hasn't got the \intelligence to put on a coat,... wenn er so dumm ist, keinen Mantel anzuziehen, dann...
    the \intelligence of sb's writing jds intelligenter Schreibstil
    2. + sing/pl vb (department) Nachrichtendienst m, Geheimdienst m
    economic \intelligence Wirtschaftsspionage f
    military \intelligence militärischer Geheimdienst
    3. + sing/pl vb (inside information) [nachrichtendienstliche] Informationen
    they received \intelligence that... sie erhielten vom Geheimdienst die Nachricht, dass...
    according to our latest \intelligence unseren letzten Meldungen zufolge
    II. n modifier (department, service) Nachrichten-
    the \intelligence community die Geheimdienste pl
    \intelligence report/source Geheimdienstbericht m/-quelle f
    * * *
    [In'telIdZəns]
    n

    if he hasn't got the intelligence to wear a coatwenn er nicht gescheit genug ist, einen Mantel anzuziehen

    2) (= news, information) Informationen pl
    * * *
    intelligence [ınˈtelıdʒəns] s
    1. Intelligenz f:
    intelligence quotient Intelligenzquotient m;
    intelligence test Intelligenztest m
    2. Einsicht f, Verständnis n
    3. academic.ru/38617/intellect">intellect 2
    4. a) obs Nachrichten pl, Mitteilungen pl, Informationen pl
    b) nachrichtendienstliche Informationen pl
    5. auch intelligence service Nachrichten-, Geheimdienst m:
    he is in intelligence er arbeitet für einen Nachrichtendienst;
    intelligence officer Nachrichtenoffizier m
    int. abk
    2. WIRTSCH interest
    * * *
    noun
    1) Intelligenz, die

    have the intelligence to do something — so intelligent sein, etwas zu tun

    2) (information) Informationen Pl.; (news) Nachrichten Pl.; Meldungen Pl.
    3) ([persons employed in] collecting information) Nachrichtendienst, der
    * * *
    n.
    Auffassungsvermögen n.
    Intelligenz f.

    English-german dictionary > intelligence

  • 6 intelligence

    I
    [in΄telidзəns] n խելք, մտավոր կա րողություն, ընդունակություն. su perior/ average intelligence արտասովոր/միջակ ընդունակու թյուններ, high/low intelligence բարձր/ցածր ին տելեկտ. an intelligence test մտավոր կարողությունների ստուգում. have the intelligence to… բավականաչափ խելք ունենալ, որպեսզի…
    II
    [in΄telidзəns] n տեղեկություն, լուր. ինֆորմացիա. according to the latest intelligence հա մաձայն վերջին տեղեկությունների. the intelligence service հետախուզական գործակալություն. an intelligence report հետախուզական տեղեկու թյուններ an intelligence officer հետախուզության սպա

    English-Armenian dictionary > intelligence

  • 7 intelligence

    1) (the quality of being intelligent: It requires a high degree of intelligence to do this job well.) intelligens, forstand
    2) (news or information given.) underretning, melding; etterretning
    3) (a department of state or of the army etc which deals with secret information: He works in Intelligence.) etterretningstjeneste
    intelligens
    subst. \/ɪnˈtelɪdʒ(ə)ns\/
    1) intelligens, forstand, vett
    2) begavelse
    3) ( tar verb i entall) etterretning(er), opplysning(er), informasjon
    4) ( også intelligence service) etterretningstjeneste, etterretning, E-tjeneste
    5) ånd
    have the intelligence to ha vett (nok) til å
    intelligence of\/about opplysning(er) om

    English-Norwegian dictionary > intelligence

  • 8 have

    {hæv}
    I. 1. v (had, 2 л. ед. ч. сег. вр. ост. hast, 3 л. ед. ч. has, ост. hath, 2 л. ед. ч. pt ост. hadst) имам, притежавам, държа
    the purse has nothing in it няма нищо в портмонето
    you HAVE my apologies извинявам се
    will you HAVE the goodness/kindness to ще бъдете ли така добър/любезен да
    to HAVE responsibility for oтговорен съм за
    to HAVE and to hold юр. в собственост и владение (в документи за предавано на имущество)
    to HAVE what it takes имам нужните качества/способности
    he had me by the throat той ме държеше за гърлото
    2. имам, раждам
    3. получавам, придобивам
    let me HAVE, your keys дай ми ключовете си
    let me HAVE an early reply отговори ми бързо
    if yon don't take care you will HAVE the police upon you ако не внимаваш, ще имаш разправии с полицията
    there was no work to be had нямаше никаква работа, не се намираше никаква работа
    it is to be had at the chemist's това се намира по аптеките
    to HAVE one's wish fulfilled желанието ми се изпълнява
    I had it from my neighbours съседите ми ro казаха, научих се от съседите
    4. ям, изяждам, пия, изпивам, вземам
    to HAVE breakfast/dinner/supper закусвам/обядвам/вечерям
    will you HAVE something to eat/drink? ще хапнете ли/пийнете ли нещо? where do you HAVE your meals? къде се храните
    5. с допълнение от глаголно същ. -превежда се със съответния гл.
    to HAVE a try опитвам се
    to HAVE a wash измивам се
    to HAVE a swim (по) плувам
    to HAVE a lie down полягам си
    6. преживявам, изпитвам, претърпявам, прекарвам (време)
    to HAVE an accident претърпявам злополука/катастрофа, катастрофирам
    to HAVE a good time прекарвам добре
    he had his watch stolen откраднаха му часовника
    he never had it so good никога не е бил/не му е било така добре
    to let someone HAVE it sl. давам някому да се разбере, удрям някого
    he's had it sl. свършено е с него, пропуснал е случай, не е вече туй, което беше, убит е
    7. sl. излъгвам, измамвам, изигравам
    you've been had излъгали са те
    I am not to be had мен не могат ме излъга, не съм вчерашен
    8. побеждавам, бия, взимам връх над
    you HAVE (got) me there! тук ме хвана натясно! he had him in the first round победи го в първия рунд
    9. казвам, твърдя, поддържам (с допълнение it, което не се превежда), as Plato had it както казва Платон
    he will HAVE it that той настоява/твърди, че
    10. позволявам, допускам
    I won't HAVE that няма да допусна подобно нещо, не разрешавам
    I'm not having any разг., upон. не, благодаря, без мен, не се хващам на тази въдища
    11. карам, накарвам, нареждам
    what would you HAVE me do? какво искаш да направя? I had her make a copy накарах я/наредих и да направи препис
    I had him dismissed наредих да бъде уволнен
    he had me guessing чудех се какво иска да каже той (той ме накара да се чудя)
    12. поканвам (да гостува)
    we had them to stay with us поканихме ги да ни гостуват, гостуваха ни
    to HAVE someone to dinner каня някого на вечеря
    13. знам, разбирам, схващам
    die has it by heart тя ro знае наизуст
    he has only a little French той знае съвсем малко френски
    you HAVE me? разбираш ли ме? I HAVE it сетих се, знам
    14. давам да ми се направи нещо (рокля и пр.) (с рр)
    to HAVE one's hair done правя си фризура (на фризъор)
    to HAVE one's hair cut подстригвам се (на бръснар)
    15. обладавам (жена)
    16. трябва, налага се, нужно е (и HAVE got to с inf)
    I HAVE (got) to go to the dentist трябва да отида на зъболекар
    you don't HAVE to come не е нужно да идваш
    17. като аих при перфектните форми
    I HAVE gone ходил съм
    I had gone бях отишъл/ходил
    I shall HAVE gone ще съм отишъл/ходил
    18. за избягване на повторение-не се превежда
    you HAVE forgotten your umbrella! -so I HAVE! забравил си си чадъра! -да, наистина
    19. I had better/rather вж. better, rather
    to HAVE to do with занимавам се с, имам работа/нещо общо с
    the story has to do with real people разказът се занимава с/е за истински хора
    the size of the brain has nothing to do with intelligence големината на мозъка няма нищо общо с интелигентността
    let's HAVE it over and done with да свършим с/ликвидираме този въпрос
    have around поканвам (и с over, round)
    have at налагам, нахвърлям се върху
    have away
    to HAVE it away sl. имам тайна полова връзка (with с)
    have back получавам обратно, връща ми се, приемам обратно/пак
    have down смъквам, свалям, повалям, поканвам (във вилата си) в провинцията, извиквам (някого), за да го смъмря
    have in повиквам, поканвам (лекар, гост), имам (майстори и пр.) вкъщи
    to HAVE it in for someone имам зъб на някого
    II. 1. заможен човек
    the HAVEs and HAVE-nots разг. богатите и бедните
    2. sl. мошеничество, измама
    * * *
    {hav} v (had {had, hъd}; 2 л. ед. ч. сег. вр. ост. hast {has(2) {'hav} n 1. заможен човек; the haves and have-nots разг. богатите
    * * *
    трябвам; придобивам; притежавам; прекарвам; вземам; държа; имам; налага се;
    * * *
    1. 1 i had better/rather вж. better, rather 2. 1 давам да ми се направи нещо (рокля и пр.) (с рр) 3. 1 за избягване на повторение-не се превежда 4. 1 знам, разбирам, схващам 5. 1 карам, накарвам, нареждам 6. 1 като аих при перфектните форми 7. 1 обладавам (жена) 8. 1 поканвам (да гостува) 9. 1 трябва, налага се, нужно е (и have got to с inf) 10. die has it by heart тя ro знае наизуст 11. have around поканвам (и с over, round) 12. have at налагам, нахвърлям се върху 13. have away 14. have back получавам обратно, връща ми се, приемам обратно/пак 15. have down смъквам, свалям, повалям, поканвам (във вилата си) в провинцията, извиквам (някого), за да го смъмря 16. have in повиквам, поканвам (лекар, гост), имам (майстори и пр.) вкъщи 17. he had his watch stolen откраднаха му часовника 18. he had me by the throat той ме държеше за гърлото 19. he had me guessing чудех се какво иска да каже той (той ме накара да се чудя) 20. he has only a little french той знае съвсем малко френски 21. he never had it so good никога не е бил/не му е било така добре 22. he will have it that той настоява/твърди, че 23. he's had it sl. свършено е с него, пропуснал е случай, не е вече туй, което беше, убит е 24. i am not to be had мен не могат ме излъга, не съм вчерашен 25. i had gone бях отишъл/ходил 26. i had him dismissed наредих да бъде уволнен 27. i had it from my neighbours съседите ми ro казаха, научих се от съседите 28. i have (got) to go to the dentist трябва да отида на зъболекар 29. i have gone ходил съм 30. i shall have gone ще съм отишъл/ходил 31. i won't have that няма да допусна подобно нещо, не разрешавам 32. i'm not having any разг., upон. не, благодаря, без мен, не се хващам на тази въдища 33. i. v (had, 2 л. ед. ч. сег. вр. ост. hast, 3 л. ед. ч. has, ост. hath, 2 л. ед. ч. pt ост. hadst) имам, притежавам, държа 34. if yon don't take care you will have the police upon you ако не внимаваш, ще имаш разправии с полицията 35. ii. заможен човек 36. it is to be had at the chemist's това се намира по аптеките 37. let me have an early reply отговори ми бързо 38. let me have, your keys дай ми ключовете си 39. let's have it over and done with да свършим с/ликвидираме този въпрос 40. sl. излъгвам, измамвам, изигравам 41. sl. мошеничество, измама 42. the haves and have-nots разг. богатите и бедните 43. the purse has nothing in it няма нищо в портмонето 44. the size of the brain has nothing to do with intelligence големината на мозъка няма нищо общо с интелигентността 45. the story has to do with real people разказът се занимава с/е за истински хора 46. there was no work to be had нямаше никаква работа, не се намираше никаква работа 47. to have a good time прекарвам добре 48. to have a lie down полягам си 49. to have a swim (по) плувам 50. to have a try опитвам се 51. to have a wash измивам се 52. to have an accident претърпявам злополука/катастрофа, катастрофирам 53. to have and to hold юр. в собственост и владение (в документи за предавано на имущество) 54. to have breakfast/dinner/supper закусвам/обядвам/вечерям 55. to have it away sl. имам тайна полова връзка (with с) 56. to have it in for someone имам зъб на някого 57. to have one's hair cut подстригвам се (на бръснар) 58. to have one's hair done правя си фризура (на фризъор) 59. to have one's wish fulfilled желанието ми се изпълнява 60. to have responsibility for oтговорен съм за 61. to have someone to dinner каня някого на вечеря 62. to have to do with занимавам се с, имам работа/нещо общо с 63. to have what it takes имам нужните качества/способности 64. to let someone have it sl. давам някому да се разбере, удрям някого 65. we had them to stay with us поканихме ги да ни гостуват, гостуваха ни 66. what would you have me do? какво искаш да направя? i had her make a copy накарах я/наредих и да направи препис 67. will you have something to eat/drink? ще хапнете ли/пийнете ли нещо? where do you have your meals? къде се храните 68. will you have the goodness/kindness to ще бъдете ли така добър/любезен да 69. you don't have to come не е нужно да идваш 70. you have (got) me there! тук ме хвана натясно! he had him in the first round победи го в първия рунд 71. you have forgotten your umbrella! -so i have! забравил си си чадъра! -да, наистина 72. you have me? разбираш ли ме? i have it сетих се, знам 73. you have my apologies извинявам се 74. you've been had излъгали са те 75. имам, раждам 76. казвам, твърдя, поддържам (с допълнение it, което не се превежда), as plato had it както казва Платон 77. побеждавам, бия, взимам връх над 78. позволявам, допускам 79. получавам, придобивам 80. преживявам, изпитвам, претърпявам, прекарвам (време) 81. с допълнение от глаголно същ. -превежда се със съответния гл 82. ям, изяждам, пия, изпивам, вземам
    * * *
    have[hæv, редуцирани форми həv, əv] I. v ( had[hæd, həd]) 1. имам, притежавам; държа; to \have a cold настинал (хремав) съм; you \have my apologies извинявам се; you can \have no fear може да не се боите; will you \have the goodness ( kindness) to help me? ще бъдете ли така добър да ми помогнете? I \have it in my mind възнамерявам; to \have and to hold в собственост и владение; we had some friends ( with us) over the weekend няколко приятели ни бяха на гости в събота и неделя; let me \have your passport дайте ми паспорта си; let me \have an prompt reply отговори ми бързо; дай ми отговор бързо; to \have a talk ( word) with s.o. поговорвам си с някого; to \have a game with играя една партия (игра) с; to \have a try (go) опитвам се; to \have a wash мия се; to \have a shave бръсна се; to \have a joke with s.o. шегувам се с някого; to \have nothing on без дрехи съм, гол съм; to \have to do with имам общо с; to \have a baby имам (раждам) дете; he had me by the throat той ме държеше за гърлото; 2. получавам; вземам; придобивам; we had news получихме (имахме) известие (новини); if you don't take care you will \have the police upon you ако не внимаваш, ще има да се разправяш с полицията; there was no work to be had нямаше никаква работа; не се намираше никаква работа; it is to be had at the chemist's това се намира по аптеките; to \have o.'s wish fulfilled желанието ми се изпълнява; I had it from my colleagues колегите ми го казаха, научих от колегите; to \have a glass of beer пия чаша бира; where do you \have your meals? къде се храните? what will you \have? какво обичате? какво искате? какво ще вземете? she has not had anything for three days тя не е взела (яла) нищо вече три дни; 3. прекарвам (време); to \have a nice time прекарвам добре; 4. трябва, налага се, нужно е; the students \have to be in by eleven студентите трябва да се върнат преди единадесет; this work has to be done quickly тази задача трябва да бъде изпълнена бързо; 5. давам да се pp); to \have o.'s watch repaired давам часовника си на поправка; to \have o.'s hair cut подстригвам се, отивам да се подстрижа; 6. sl излъгвам, измамвам, изигравам; I am not to be had на мен не ми минават, не съм вчерашен; 7. побеждавам, бия, взимам връх над; you \have ( got) me there! тук ме хвана натясно! he had you in the first round той те победи (би, свърши) в първия рунд; 8. казвам, твърдя, поддържам; as Socrates had it както казва Сократ; rumour has it носи се слух, говори се; 9. (служи за образуване на перфектните форми); I \have gone отишъл съм; бях отишъл; 10. (за избягване на повторение): he went to the post office as his father had before him той отиде на работа, както някога (преди) ходеше баща му; you \have forgotten your gloves! - So I \have забравил си си ръкавиците! - да, наистина; 11. I had better go по-добре щеше да е да отида; да бях отишъл; I had rather предпочитам, бих предпочел; to \have o.'s own way налагам се, правя каквото си искам; I won't \have that не съм съгласен с такова нещо; това няма да го търпя; \have done! стига! престанете! to \have it in one имам куража (способността); he had it coming to him той си го търсеше; I would \have you know искам да знаете; I am not \haveing any разг. не ща; не се хващам на тази въдица; to \have it in for s.o. имам зъб на някого; мразя го; to \have it on s.o. имам преимущество (предимство) пред някого, в по-изгодно положение съм от някого; to let s.o. \have it удрям някого; давам на някого да се разбере; as ill luck would \have it, he arrived late за нещастие той пристигна късно; what would you \have me do? какво искаш да направя? she has it by heart тя го знае наизуст; he has no Latin or Greek той не знае нито латински, нито гръцки; II. n 1.: the \haves and \have nots разг. които имат и които нямат; 2. sl шарлатанство, мошеничество, измама; подлост.

    English-Bulgarian dictionary > have

  • 9 Intelligence

       There is no mystery about it: the child who is familiar with books, ideas, conversation-the ways and means of the intellectual life-before he begins school, indeed, before he begins consciously to think, has a marked advantage. He is at home in the House of intellect just as the stableboy is at home among horses, or the child of actors on the stage. (Barzun, 1959, p. 142)
       It is... no exaggeration to say that sensory-motor intelligence is limited to desiring success or practical adaptation, whereas the function of verbal or conceptual thought is to know and state truth. (Piaget, 1954, p. 359)
       ntelligence has two parts, which we shall call the epistemological and the heuristic. The epistemological part is the representation of the world in such a form that the solution of problems follows from the facts expressed in the representation. The heuristic part is the mechanism that on the basis of the information solves the problem and decides what to do. (McCarthy & Hayes, 1969, p. 466)
       Many scientists implicitly assume that, among all animals, the behavior and intelligence of nonhuman primates are most like our own. Nonhuman primates have relatively larger brains and proportionally more neocortex than other species... and it now seems likely that humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas shared a common ancestor as recently as 5 to 7 million years ago.... This assumption about the unique status of primate intelligence is, however, just that: an assumption. The relations between intelligence and measures of brain size is poorly understood, and evolutionary affinity does not always ensure behavioral similarity. Moreover, the view that nonhuman primates are the animals most like ourselves coexists uneasily in our minds with the equally pervasive view that primates differ fundamentally from us because they lack language; lacking language, they also lack many of the capacities necessary for reasoning and abstract thought. (Cheney & Seyfarth, 1990, p. 4)
       Few constructs are asked to serve as many functions in psychology as is the construct of human intelligence.... Consider four of the main functions addressed in theory and research on intelligence, and how they differ from one another.
       1. Biological. This type of account looks at biological processes. To qualify as a useful biological construct, intelligence should be a biochemical or biophysical process or at least somehow a resultant of biochemical or biophysical processes.
       2. Cognitive approaches. This type of account looks at molar cognitive representations and processes. To qualify as a useful mental construct, intelligence should be specifiable as a set of mental representations and processes that are identifiable through experimental, mathematical, or computational means.
       3. Contextual approaches. To qualify as a useful contextual construct, intelligence should be a source of individual differences in accomplishments in "real-world" performances. It is not enough just to account for performance in the laboratory. On [sic] the contextual view, what a person does in the lab may not even remotely resemble what the person would do outside it. Moreover, different cultures may have different conceptions of intelligence, which affect what would count as intelligent in one cultural context versus another.
       4. Systems approaches. Systems approaches attempt to understand intelligence through the interaction of cognition with context. They attempt to establish a link between the two levels of analysis, and to analyze what forms this link takes. (Sternberg, 1994, pp. 263-264)
       High but not the highest intelligence, combined with the greatest degrees of persistence, will achieve greater eminence than the highest degree of intelligence with somewhat less persistence. (Cox, 1926, p. 187)
       There are no definitive criteria of intelligence, just as there are none for chairness; it is a fuzzy-edged concept to which many features are relevant. Two people may both be quite intelligent and yet have very few traits in common-they resemble the prototype along different dimensions.... [Intelligence] is a resemblance between two individuals, one real and the other prototypical. (Neisser, 1979, p. 185)
       Given the complementary strengths and weaknesses of the differential and information-processing approaches, it should be possible, at least in theory, to synthesise an approach that would capitalise upon the strength of each approach, and thereby share the weakness of neither. (Sternberg, 1977, p. 65)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Intelligence

  • 10 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 11 Animal Intelligence

       We can... distinguish sharply between the kind of behavior which from the very beginning arises out of a consideration of the structure of a situation, and one that does not. Only in the former case do we speak of insight, and only that behavior of animals definitely appears to us intelligent which takes account from the beginning of the lay of the land, and proceeds to deal with it in a single, continuous, and definite course. Hence follows this criterion of insight: the appearance of a complete solution with reference to the whole lay- out of the field. (KoЁhler, 1927, pp. 169-170)
       Signs, in [Edward] Tolman's theory, occasion in the rat realization, or cognition, or judgment, or hypotheses, or abstraction, but they do not occasion action. In his concern with what goes on in the rat's mind, Tolman has neglected to predict what the rat will do. So far as the theory is concerned the rat is left buried in thought: if he gets to the food-box at the end that is his concern, not the concern of the theory. (Guthrie, 1972, p. 172)
       3) A New Insight Consists of a Recombination of Pre-existent Mediating Properties
       The insightful act is an excellent example of something that is not learned, but still depends on learning. It is not learned, since it can be adequately performed on its first occurrence; it is not perfected through practice in the first place, but appears all at once in recognizable form (further practice, however, may still improve it). On the other hand, the situation must not be completely strange; the animal must have had prior experience with the component parts of the situation, or with other situations that have some similarity to it.... All our evidence thus points to the conclusion that a new insight consists of a recombination of pre existent mediating processes, not the sudden appearance of a wholly new process. (Hebb, 1958, pp. 204-205)
       In Morgan's own words, the principle is, "In no case may we interpret an action as the outcome of the exercise of a higher psychical faculty, if it can be interpreted as the outcome of the exercise of one which stands lower in the psychological scale." Behaviorists universally adopted this idea as their own, interpreting it as meaning that crediting consciousness to animals can't be justified if the animal's behavior can be explained in any other way, because consciousness is certainly a "higher psychical faculty." Actually, their interpretation is wrong, since Morgan was perfectly happy with the idea of animal consciousness: he even gives examples of it directly taken from dog behavior. Thus in The Limits of Animal Intelligence, he describes a dog returning from a walk "tired" and "hungry" and going down into the kitchen and "looking up wistfully" at the cook. Says Morgan about this, "I, for one, would not feel disposed to question that he has in his mind's eye a more or less definite idea of a bone."
       Morgan's Canon really applies to situations where the level of intelligence credited to an animal's behavior goes well beyond what is really needed for simple and sensible explanation. Thus application of Morgan's Canon would prevent us from presuming that, when a dog finds its way home after being lost for a day, it must have the ability to read a map, or that, if a dog always begins to act hungry and pace around the kitchen at 6 P.M. and is always fed at 6:30 P.M., this must indicate that it has learned how to tell time. These conclusions involve levels of intelligence that are simply not needed to explain the behaviors. (Coren, 1994, pp. 72-73)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Animal Intelligence

  • 12 as luck would have it

    к счастью [изменённое шекспировское выражение; см. цитату]; см. тж. as bad luck would have it

    Ford: "And did he search for you, and could not find you?" Falstaff: "You shall hear. As good luck would have it, comes in one Mistress Page; gives intelligence of Ford's approach; and in her invention and Ford's wife's distraction, they conveyed me into a buck-basket." (W. Shakespeare, ‘The Merry Wives of Windsor’, act III, sc. 5) — Форд: "Как же это он вас не нашел?" Фальстаф: "Мне просто повезло. Судьба послала нам миссис Пейдж, которая предупредила нас о том, что скоро явится Форд со своей шумной компанией. Эта хитрая миссис Пейдж и обезумевшая миссис Форд второпях запихали меня в корзину с бельем." (перевод С. Маршака и М. Морозова)

    As luck would have it, Raggles's house... was to let when Rawdon and his wife returned to London. (W. Thackeray, ‘Vanity Fair’, ch. XXXVII) — К счастью, дом Реглса... оказался свободным, когда Родон с женой вернулись в Лондон.

    As luck would have it no one was hurt. (K. S. Prichard, ‘Working Bullocks’, ch. XXV) — К счастью, никто не пострадал.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > as luck would have it

  • 13 competitive intelligence

    Gen Mgt
    data gathered to improve an organization’s competitive capacity. Competitive intelligence may include, for example, information about competitors’ plans, activities, or products, and may sometimes be gained through industrial espionage. Such information can have a significant impact on a company’s own plans: it could limit the effectiveness of a new product launch, or identify growing threats to important accounts, for example. Unless organizations monitor competitor activity and take appropriate action, their business faces risk.

    The ultimate business dictionary > competitive intelligence

  • 14 aserrador

    adj.
    sawing.
    m.
    sawer or sawyer.
    * * *
    1 sawyer
    ————————
    1→ link=aserrar aserrar
    1 sawing
    1 sawyer
    * * *
    aserrador, -a
    SM / F sawyer
    * * *
    - dora masculino, femenino sawyer
    * * *
    = sawyer.
    Ex. Mills works as a sawyer in Tennessee, and his poems have the intelligence that comes from a man listening to people talk.
    * * *
    - dora masculino, femenino sawyer
    * * *

    Ex: Mills works as a sawyer in Tennessee, and his poems have the intelligence that comes from a man listening to people talk.

    * * *
    masculine, feminine
    sawyer

    Spanish-English dictionary > aserrador

  • 15 serrador

    adj.
    sawing.
    m.
    sawer or sawyer.
    * * *
    = sawyer.
    Ex. Mills works as a sawyer in Tennessee, and his poems have the intelligence that comes from a man listening to people talk.
    * * *

    Ex: Mills works as a sawyer in Tennessee, and his poems have the intelligence that comes from a man listening to people talk.

    * * *

    serrador,-ora sustantivo masculino y femenino sawyer
    ' serrador' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    serradora

    Spanish-English dictionary > serrador

  • 16 обладать достаточной проницательностью, чтобы разгадать (smb's) замысел

    General subject: have the intelligence to see through scheme

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > обладать достаточной проницательностью, чтобы разгадать (smb's) замысел

  • 17 обладать достаточной проницательностью, чтобы разгадать замысел

    General subject: (smb's) have the intelligence to see through scheme

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > обладать достаточной проницательностью, чтобы разгадать замысел

  • 18 tener el descaro de

    • have the appearance of
    • have the authority
    • have the chance
    • have the command
    • have the eyes set on
    • have the faith to
    • have the minimum intelligence
    • have the noose around one's neck

    Diccionario Técnico Español-Inglés > tener el descaro de

  • 19 tener la desfachatez de

    • have the appearance of
    • have the authority
    • have the chance
    • have the command
    • have the eyes set on
    • have the faith to
    • have the minimum intelligence
    • have the noose around one's neck

    Diccionario Técnico Español-Inglés > tener la desfachatez de

  • 20 tener el valor de

    • have the courage
    • have the creeps
    • have the eyes set on
    • have the faith to
    • have the minimum intelligence
    • have the noose around one's neck

    Diccionario Técnico Español-Inglés > tener el valor de

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